Old Fashion Paper Church Fan Images
Paw fans outset arrived in Europe in the 15th century from Asia and became popular in the 16th century. Several fan styles were common and a plethora of materials were used to create them. Subject affair varied profoundly, from Biblical scenes to landscapes. Paw fans serve every bit a cooling machinery, social instrument, and mode accessory.
History [edit]
Fans were used throughout history, and can be traced back as long as five grand years ago. They developed in ancient Egypt, India and China, where they were used for ceremonies and practical purposes.[1] In the 12th century, during the Crusades, the fan was brought to Europe.[ii] At first, Europeans adopted the rigid fan and plumage fans. Queen Elizabeth I of England (1533–1603) owned dozens of these fans, as was shown in her portraits. After in the 16th century, folding fans were introduced into Europe from Nippon where they originated.[1]
Queen Elizabeth I ('The Ditchley portrait') by Marcus Gheeraerts the Younger
Once the fan was known to Europe, France became the eye for fan pattern and production. At the finish of the 17th century, Huguenot immigrants traveled to England, bringing the fan craft with them.[2] French fans were and then popular that they were smuggled into England during the 18th century. During this time the Worshipful Company of Fan Makers tried to grow the English fan trade, only their success was small-scale in comparing to the French industry.[two]
Types [edit]
There were two chief types of fans seen in Europe during the 18th century: the rigid (or stock-still) fan and the folding fan.
Rigid fan [edit]
As its name implies, the rigid fan is stiff and is made to retain it's shape. Possible fan shapes are a leaf, a rectangle, or an oval. The fan is attached to a base where it is held.[1]
Folding fan [edit]
The folding fan was the almost pop in Europe during the 18th century, a time known every bit the golden age of the folding fan.[iii] The chief folding fan styles are pleated, brisé, and cockade.[ii]
Pleated fan [edit]
The pleated fan consists of a mount and a fix of sticks. The outer sticks (the guards) are wider than the others and are often more decorated. At the base of the sticks is a pin which connects the fan and allows it to spread and open. The base of operations is either shaped or rounded off.[2]
Brisé fan [edit]
The brisé fan consists only of a gear up of sticks. These sticks are fastened to a base with a pivot similar to that of a pleated fan. A cord or ribbon runs across the summit of the fan, holding the sticks together.[2]
Cockade fan [edit]
A Parisian Cockade fan of silk and ivory, 1800-1850
A cockade fan opens into a complete circle around the pivot. Their style can be either pleated or brisé. They were not very applied and considered too flamboyant, and thus they saw niggling popularity.[2]
Materials [edit]
Fans in the 18th century were fabricated from a wide multifariousness of materials depending on their fashion and purpose. During the 18th century fans were a mode accessory and thus were made from the fashionable materials of the time.[4]
Sticks and handles [edit]
Sticks and handles could exist made of gilded, tortoise shell, ivory, mother-of-pearl, horn, or wood. They were often highly busy. Most sticks and handles were not only made of the previously listed materials, but were inlaid with others. For case, a mother-of-pearl fan could be inlaid with gold. Other sticks were plain.[4]
Mounts [edit]
Previous to 1780, mounts were typically made of vellum or newspaper. Some, more valuable fans were decorated with materials used for the sticks such equally mother-of-pearl.[4] Other decorations included feathers, butterfly wings, silk, gold, and sequins. Although not as common, the 18th century also saw lace fans.[4]
Subject matter [edit]
European fans were oft decorated with historical, political, or social images. While some fans were meant to inform, others were meant to entertain. There was fan for every occasion; whether it exist a wedding ceremony, a funeral, or a dance, at that place was always a fan made specifically for the outcome.[five]
Entertainment [edit]
Some artists designed fans which would prevent boredom during a dull event, or would start a conversation. These fans were oft covered with riddles and puzzles.[6] Another blazon of entertainment fan was the fortune-telling fan. These presented questions such as "Whether i is to get Riches; Whether ane will be successful in Love; What sort of Husband shall I have; etc."[ane]
Instructive [edit]
The 18th century saw fans which assisted in remembering holidays or that served every bit maps.[v] The fan, "Map of Warwickshire" is such a fan.[7]
Historical [edit]
Fans normally recorded electric current events.[5] There were souvenir fans that depicted scenes such as Vesuvius erupting and the Coliseum. Others celebrated public events such as a armed services victory.[1] The fan, "Coronation of George Two" shows the banquet of George Ii and Queen Caroline in Westminster Hall on their coronation twenty-four hour period, October 11, 1727.[vii]
Biblical and classical [edit]
Classical myths and biblical scenes were frequent during the early on 18th century.[1] Fans for church depicted Bible subjects such as Jacob and Rachel or Ruth and Boaz.[5] The fan, "Moses Hit the Stone" shows the Israelite encampment in the wilderness and Moses continuing by the rock from which water flows.[7]
Pastoral [edit]
Subsequently in the 18th century, rococo pastoral scenes became pop. Landscapes were common as well as images with love and courting themes. Cupid was often a main effigy on such fans.[ane] The fan, "Pastoral Mural" shows a river landscape with men and women walking by and sheep grazing.[7]
Purposes [edit]
Applied [edit]
When originated, the fan'due south purpose was to absurd the face and keep away insects. Before the 18th century their about common use was to keep flies abroad from church altars.[8] While driving insects away became less and less of a fan'southward purpose, the fan continued to serve every bit a cooling mechanism.[ii]
Mode [edit]
In Europe, fans were not a necessity. They were mainly used equally a fashion accessory, to complement the rest of the lady'southward outfit. "Fans were equally much an adjunct to a lady of mode's attire as were gloves or numberless."[two] By the 18th century fans were used only by females. The fan was described every bit the "feminine accessory, par excellence."[one]
Propaganda [edit]
Subject matter such as historical and political events made fans a ways of spreading news or political propaganda. Other fans contained brand names and store fronts and thus acted every bit advertisements.[2]
[edit]
Due to their large employ and popularity, fans began to affect gestures and thus a fan "sign linguistic communication" developed between 1711 and 1740.[v] In a 1740 edition of the Gentleman's Magazine, there was an advert for "The New Fashioned Speaking FAN!"[1] This "speaking fan" created a arrangement whereby motions of the fan translated into messages of the alphabet. The alphabet, with the exception of J, was split into five sections. These sections corresponded to one of the following movements:
- Moving the fan with the left manus to the left arm
- Moving the fan with the correct mitt to the left arm
- Placing the fan against the bosom
- Raising the fan to the mouth
- Raising the fan to the forehead
In gild to signal a letter two movements were necessary. The first corresponded to i of the five alphabet groups, and the second told the letter'due south position in the group. For example, to point "D", one would use motion 1 (starting time section of the alphabet), followed by motion 4 (fourth letter in that section of the alphabet).[one]
Electric current status [edit]
| | This section is about an event or discipline that may not exist current merely does not specify the time menses. |
Fans are ofttimes considered minor works of fine art.[ according to whom? ] Many survived and are in the hands of owners or museums throughout the globe.[2]
References [edit]
- ^ a b c d e f m h i j Steele, Valerie. The Fan: Way and Femininity Unfolded. New York: Rizzoli, 2002. Print.
- ^ a b c d due east f g h i j k Alexander, Hélène. Fans. London: B.T. Batsford, 1984. Print.
- ^ "Fans." The Decoratosr and Furnisher 24.v (1894): 182. JSTOR. Web. 10 December. 2010.
- ^ a b c d Mayor, Susan. Collecting Fans. New York: Mayflower, 1980. Impress.
- ^ a b c d e Bennett, Anna Thou., and Ruth Berson. Fans in Fashion. [San Francisco]: Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco, 1981. Print.
- ^ Esdaile, Arundell. "Fans." British Museum Quarterly 14.i (1940): 23-24. JSTOR. Web. 10 Dec. 2010.
- ^ a b c d Schreiber, Charlotte. Fans and Fan-Leaves. Comp. Lionel Cust. London: Oxford Upwardly, 1893. Print.
- ^ Standen, Edith. "Acquisitions of Works of Art by Museums and Galleries: Supplement." The Burlington Magazine 107.750 (1965): 487. JSTOR. Web. ten Dec. 2010.
0 Response to "Old Fashion Paper Church Fan Images"
Post a Comment